A federation (from Latin: foedus, gen.: foederis, "covenant"), also known as a federal state, is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, are typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control of its internal affairs.

The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is known as federalism. It can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitary state. Germany, with sixteen Bundesl�nder, is an example of a federation, whereas neighboring Austria and its Bundesl�nder was a unitary state with administrative divisions that became federated, and neighboring France by contrast has always been unitary.

The global warming has been the center of attraction and number of conferences has been held in the last decade or so. This issue has become so prominent that on yearly basis discussions, conferences and debates are held. On the contrary, considerable change has not been witnessed. The interest of developed and developing economies comes into being and issue of global warming is sidelined. The governments can do their bit in implementing environmental regulations on its pupils to prevent global warming. However, still a long way to go before it becomes a success.

A recent trend has been seen in the field of wind energy. The government is seen motivating wind power industry and even ensuring that they get other benefits as well. The benefits can be in the form of tax benefits and subsidies. Consequently, wind industry power industry has seen a boon and many more projects are on their way. The government is appreciating such efforts, which help in providing clean, clear and efficient energy to the society.

One of Environmental issues is with oil. Oil is going to be the prominent reason for outbreak of war between two countries in the coming times. The question has always been asked by intellectuals that why US needs to expand offshore oil drilling, when abundant resources are available in homeland. This remains a bit of mystery amongst masses. Moreover, policies are determined in such a manner that best comes out into being and no shortage of resources takes place.